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[[File:Thebes, Luxor, Egypt, Panoramic view of Deir el-Bahari from above, Temple of Hatshepsut.jpg|thumb|The three temples at Deir el Bahari from the top of the cliff behind them, part of Hatshepsut's temple on left, Tuthmosis III's temple in center, and Mentuhotep II's temple on right]]
[[File:Thebes, Luxor, Egypt, Panoramic view of Deir el-Bahari from above, Temple of Hatshepsut.jpg|thumb|The three temples at Deir el Bahari from the top of the cliff behind them, part of Hatshepsut's temple on left, Tuthmosis III's temple in center, and Mentuhotep II's temple on right]]
Archaeological exploration in Deir el-Bahari began ramping up in the late 19th century. Édouard Naville's excavations from 1893 to 1906, sponsored by the Egypt Exploration Fund, revealed both Hatshepsut's temple and Mentuhotep II's complex.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Naville |first=Edouard |url=https://archive.org/details/xithdynastytemp1navi |title=The XIth dynasty temple at Deir el-Bahari |date=1907 |publisher=London, Boston, Mass. : Sold at the offices of the Egypt Exploration Fund [etc.] |others=Smithsonian Libraries and Archives}}</ref> This was followed by Herbert Winlock's Metropolitan Museum of Art expeditions (1911-1931), which unearthed significant finds, including statues of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III and caches of ritual objects.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Winlock |first=H. E. |date=1924 |title=The Tombs of the Kings of the Seventeenth Dynasty at Thebes |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3853927 |journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology |volume=10 |issue=3/4 |pages=217–277 |doi=10.2307/3853927 |issn=0307-5133}}</ref> The Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology began extensive restoration work in the 1960s, stabilizing Hatshepsut's temple and recovering Thutmose III's largely destroyed shrine.<ref name=":44">{{Cite journal |last=Pcma |first=Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean |date=1994-01-01 |title=Lipińska, J. DEIR EL-BAHARI, TUTHMOSIS III TEMPLE |url=https://www.academia.edu/21547347/Lipi%C5%84ska_J_DEIR_EL_BAHARI_TUTHMOSIS_III_TEMPLE |journal=POLISH ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN V}}</ref><ref name=":54">{{Cite journal |last=Dolińska |first=Monika |date=February 2016 |title=Deir el-Bahari. Temple of Tuthmosis III, campaigns 2012–2013 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326362134_Deir_el-Bahari_Temple_of_Tuthmosis_III_campaigns_2012-2013 |journal=Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean |volume=1 |pages=257-264 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Meanwhile, the sites significance as a necropolis continued into the Ptolemaic Period, when parts off Hatshepsut's temple were reused for cults of [[Imhotep]] and [[Amenhotep, son of Hapu|Amenhotep, Son of Hapu]].<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |last=Arnold |first=Dieter |title=The Temple of Mentuhotep at Deir el Bahari |date=1979 |publisher=New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art, Egyptian Expedition |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":44" /> Deir el-Bahari's rich history reflects its role as a sacred landscape where kings and priests were memorialized, divine legitimacy was protected, and Theban religious traditions flourished across changing dynasties.<ref name=":72">{{Cite book |last=Roehrig |first=Catharine |title=Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=2005}}</ref>
Archaeological exploration in Deir el-Bahari began ramping up in the late 19th century. Édouard Naville's excavations from 1893 to 1906, sponsored by the Egypt Exploration Fund, revealed both Hatshepsut's temple and Mentuhotep II's complex.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Naville |first=Edouard |url=https://archive.org/details/xithdynastytemp1navi |title=The XIth dynasty temple at Deir el-Bahari |date=1907 |publisher=London, Boston, Mass. : Sold at the offices of the Egypt Exploration Fund [etc.] |others=Smithsonian Libraries and Archives}}</ref> This was followed by Herbert Winlock's Metropolitan Museum of Art expeditions (1911-1931), which unearthed significant finds, including statues of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III and caches of ritual objects.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Winlock |first=H. E. |date=1924 |title=The Tombs of the Kings of the Seventeenth Dynasty at Thebes |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3853927 |journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology |volume=10 |issue=3/4 |pages=217–277 |doi=10.2307/3853927 |issn=0307-5133}}</ref> The Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology began extensive restoration work in the 1960s, stabilizing Hatshepsut's temple and recovering Thutmose III's largely destroyed shrine.<ref name=":44">{{Cite journal |last=Pcma |first=Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean |date=1994-01-01 |title=Lipińska, J. DEIR EL-BAHARI, TUTHMOSIS III TEMPLE |url=https://www.academia.edu/21547347/Lipi%C5%84ska_J_DEIR_EL_BAHARI_TUTHMOSIS_III_TEMPLE |journal=POLISH ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN V}}</ref><ref name=":54">{{Cite journal |last=Dolińska |first=Monika |date=February 2016 |title=Deir el-Bahari. Temple of Tuthmosis III, campaigns 2012–2013 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326362134_Deir_el-Bahari_Temple_of_Tuthmosis_III_campaigns_2012-2013 |journal=Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean |volume=1 |pages=257-264 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> Meanwhile, the sites significance as a necropolis continued into the Ptolemaic Period, when parts off Hatshepsut's temple were reused for cults of [[Imhotep]] and [[Amenhotep, son of Hapu|Amenhotep, Son of Hapu]].<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |last=Arnold |first=Dieter |title=The Temple of Mentuhotep at Deir el Bahari |date=1979 |publisher=New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art, Egyptian Expedition |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":44" /> Deir el-Bahari's rich history reflects its role as a sacred landscape where kings and priests were memorialized, divine legitimacy was protected, and Theban religious traditions flourished across changing dynasties.<ref name=":72">{{Cite book |last=Roehrig |first=Catharine |title=Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=2005}}</ref>

== Associated Deities ==
The purpose and significance of the structures and burials at Deir el-Bahari is closely related with the deities associated with Deir el-Bahari and the greater Theban Necropolis.


==Mortuary temple of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep==
==Mortuary temple of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep==

Revision as of 04:35, 18 March 2025

Deir el-Bahari
UNESCO World Heritage Site
LocationLuxor Governorate, Egypt
Part ofTheban Necropolis
Includes
CriteriaCultural: (i), (iii), (vi)
Reference087-003
Inscription1979 (3rd Session)
Coordinates25°44′15″N 32°36′27″E / 25.73750°N 32.60750°E / 25.73750; 32.60750
Deir el-Bahari is located in Egypt
Deir el-Bahari
Location of Deir el-Bahari in Egypt

Deir el-Bahari or Dayr al-Bahri (Arabic: الدير البحري, romanized: al-Dayr al-Baḥrī, lit. 'the Northern [lit., "Seaward"] Monastery', Coptic: ⲡⲧⲟⲡⲟⲥ ⲛⲁⲡⲁ ⲫⲟⲓⲃⲁⲙⲙⲱⲛ, lit. 'the monastery of Apa Phoibammon', Ancient Egyptian: djeser-djeseru)[1] is a complex of mortuary temples and tombs located on the west bank of the Nile, opposite the city of Luxor, Egypt. This is a part of the Theban Necropolis.

History

Deir el-Bahari, located on the west bank of the Nile at Thebes (modern Luxor) is a complex of mortuary temples and tombs that has served as a major religious center for over two millennia. Its history begins with the 11th Dynasty when Pharaoh Mentuhotep II (c.2061-2010 BCE) constructed his funerary temple here to commemorate the reunification of Egypt after the First Intermediate Period.[2][3] Mentuhotep's terraced complex, integrating a royal tomb into a temple platform, pioneered the cliffside temple style later emulated by New Kingdom rulers.[3] Centuries later, the 18th Dynasty queen Hatshepsut erected her famous temple Djeser-Djeseru, designed by her architect Senenmut, directly beside Mentuhotep's complex.[4] Richly decorated reliefs in Hatshepsut's temple celebrated her divine birth, commercial expedition to Punt, and association with Amun-Ra, cementing the temple's significance in state religion and royal propaganda.[2][5] Later, Thutmose III added a smaller temple, Djeser-Akhet, just above hers.[6] By the Third Intermediate Period, Deir el-Bahari became a burial ground for priests and a hiding place for royal mummies such as those discovered in the DB320 cache in 1881.[7][8]

The three temples at Deir el Bahari from the top of the cliff behind them, part of Hatshepsut's temple on left, Tuthmosis III's temple in center, and Mentuhotep II's temple on right

Archaeological exploration in Deir el-Bahari began ramping up in the late 19th century. Édouard Naville's excavations from 1893 to 1906, sponsored by the Egypt Exploration Fund, revealed both Hatshepsut's temple and Mentuhotep II's complex.[9] This was followed by Herbert Winlock's Metropolitan Museum of Art expeditions (1911-1931), which unearthed significant finds, including statues of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III and caches of ritual objects.[10] The Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology began extensive restoration work in the 1960s, stabilizing Hatshepsut's temple and recovering Thutmose III's largely destroyed shrine.[11][12] Meanwhile, the sites significance as a necropolis continued into the Ptolemaic Period, when parts off Hatshepsut's temple were reused for cults of Imhotep and Amenhotep, Son of Hapu.[13][11] Deir el-Bahari's rich history reflects its role as a sacred landscape where kings and priests were memorialized, divine legitimacy was protected, and Theban religious traditions flourished across changing dynasties.[14]

Associated Deities

The purpose and significance of the structures and burials at Deir el-Bahari is closely related with the deities associated with Deir el-Bahari and the greater Theban Necropolis.

Mortuary temple of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep

Site plan of Deir el-Bahari

Mentuhotep II, the Eleventh Dynasty king who reunited Egypt at the beginning of the Middle Kingdom, built a very unusual funerary complex. His mortuary temple was built on several levels in the great bay at Deir el-Bahari. It was approached by a 16-meter-wide (52-foot) causeway leading from a valley temple which no longer exists.

The mortuary temple itself consists of a forecourt and entrance gate, enclosed by walls on three sides, and a terrace on which stands a large square structure that may represent the primeval mound that arose from the waters of chaos. As the temple faces east, the structure is likely to be connected with the sun cult of Ra and the resurrection of the king.

From the eastern part of the forecourt, an opening called the Bab el-Hosan ('Gate of the Horseman') leads to an underground passage and an unfinished tomb or cenotaph containing a seated statue of the king. On the western side, tamarisk and sycamore trees were planted beside the ramp leading up to the terrace. At the back of the forecourt and terrace are colonnades decorated in relief with boat processions, hunts, and scenes showing the king's military achievements.

Statues of the Twelfth Dynasty king Senusret III were found here too.

The inner part of the temple was actually cut into the cliff and consists of a peristyle court, a hypostyle hall and an underground passage leading into the tomb itself. The cult of the dead king centred on the small shrine cut into the rear of the Hypostyle Hall.

The mastaba-like structure on the terrace is surrounded by a pillared ambulatory along the west wall, where the statue shrines and tombs of several royal wives and daughters were found. These royal princesses were the priestesses of Hathor, one of the main ancient Egyptian funerary deities. Although little remained of the king's own burial, six sarcophagi were retrieved from the tombs of the royal ladies (Ashayet, Henhenet, Kawit, Kemsit, Muyet and Sadhe). Each was formed of six slabs, held together at the corners by metal braces and carved in sunken relief. The sarcophagus of Queen Kawit, now in the Cairo Museum, is particularly fine.

The burial shaft and subsequent tunnel descend for 150 meters and end in a burial chamber 45 meters below the court. The chamber held a shrine, which once held the wooden coffin of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep. A great tree-lined court was reached by means of the processional causeway, leading up from the valley temple. Beneath the court, a deep shaft was cut which led to unfinished rooms believed to have been intended originally as the king's tomb. A wrapped image of the pharaoh was discovered in this area by Howard Carter. The temple complex also held six mortuary chapels and shaft tombs built for the pharaoh's wives and daughters.

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut

Copper plate, probably part of an axe-blade, showing cartouche of Hatshepsut. Foundation deposit in a small pit covered with a mat, Deir el-Bahri, Egypt. 18th Dynasty. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.
Main article: Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut
See also: Depiction of Hatshepsut's birth and coronation
Djeser-Djeseru – Hatshepsut's temple, the focal point of the compound

The focal point of the Deir el-Bahari complex is the Djeser-Djeseru meaning "the Holy of Holies", the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut. It is a colonnaded structure, which was designed and implemented by Senenmut, royal steward and architect of Hatshepsut, to serve for her posthumous worship and to honor the glory of Amun.

Djeser-Djeseru sits atop a series of colonnaded terraces, reached by long ramps that once were graced with gardens.[15] It is built into a cliff face that rises sharply above it, and is largely considered to be one of the "incomparable monuments of ancient Egypt".[16] It is 97 feet (30 m) tall.[citation needed]

The unusual form of Hatshepsut's temple is explained by the choice of location, in the valley basin of Deir el-Bahari, surrounded by steep cliffs. It was here, in about 2050 BC, that Mentuhotep II, the founder of the Middle Kingdom, laid out his sloping, terrace-shaped mortuary temple. The pillared galleries at either side of the central ramp of the Djeser Djeseru correspond to the pillar positions on two successive levels of the Temple of Mentuhotep.

Today the terraces of Deir el-Bahari only convey a faint impression of the original intentions of Senenmut. Most of the statue ornaments are missing – the statues of Osiris in front of the pillars of the upper colonnade, the sphinx avenues in front of the court, and the standing, sitting, and kneeling figures of Hatshepsut; these were destroyed in a posthumous condemnation of this pharaoh. The architecture of the temple has been considerably altered as a result of misguided reconstruction in the early twentieth century AD.

Architecture

Sanctuary doorways

While Hatshepsut used Mentuhotep's temple as a model, the two structures are significantly different. Hatshepsut employed a lengthy colonnaded terrace that deviated from the centralized massing of Mentuhotep's model – an anomaly that may be caused by the decentralized location of her burial chamber.[16]

There are three layered terraces reaching 97 feet (30 m) in height. Each 'story' is articulated by a double colonnade of square piers, with the exception of the northwest corner of the central terrace, which employs Proto-Doric columns to house the chapel. These terraces are connected by long ramps which were once surrounded by gardens. The layering of Hatshepsut's temple corresponds with the classical Theban form, employing pylon, courts, hypostyle hall, sun court, chapel, and sanctuary.

The relief sculpture within Hatshepsut's temple recites the tale of the divine birth of the pharaoh. The text and pictorial cycle also tell of an expedition to the Land of Punt, an exotic country on the Red Sea coast.

On either side of the entrance to the sanctuary (shown right) are painted pillars with images of Hathor as the capitals. Just under the roof is an image of Wadjet, displayed as a bilateral solar symbol, flanked by two other long serpents.

The temple includes an image, shown to the right, of Hatshepsut depicted as male pharaoh giving offerings to Horus, and to their left, an animal skin wound around a tall staff that is a symbol of the god Osiris.

While the statues and ornamentation have since been stolen or destroyed, the temple once was home to two statues of Osiris, a long avenue lined by sphinxes, as well as many sculptures of pharaoh Hatshepsut in different attitudes – standing, sitting, or kneeling.

Mortuary temple of Thutmose III

See also: Temple of Thutmose III

The Mortuary Temple of Thutmose III, also called Djeser-Akhet (Holy of the Horizon)[17], was discovered in 1961, the mortuary temple of Thutmose III was built in at about 1435-1425 BC, late in Thutmose's reign. It overlooks other earlier structures present on the site, such as the temples of Hatshepsut and Mentuhotep Nebhepetre.[17] Built on a steep, artificially leveled terrace, the temple features a basilica-style hypostyle hall with clerestory windows, a rare architectural innovation that foreshadowed the later hypostyle halls of the Ramesside Period.[17] The temple complex was primarily dedicated to Amun-Ra, reflecting the King's close association with the Theban-state god.[18] A key highlight is the Hathor shrine, discovered in 1906, which housed a statue of hathor as a cow protecting the king.[19] The temple's reliefs, recovered in thousands of fragments, show Thutmose III in vibrant polychrome scenes performing rituals, offering to gods, and participating in the Beautiful Festival of the Valley.[20]

Rediscovered in 1962 by a Polish-Egyptian mission, the site revealed column bases, a red granite doorway, and vast amounts of painted limestone and sandstone reliefs.[21][22] Excavations also uncovered statues of Thutmose III, foundation deposits beneath the Hathor chapel containing botanical offerings, faience amulets, and pottery[23] The temple was heavily damaged by an 11th century BCE earthquake and subsequent stone-robbing, leaving only foundations and scattered architectural elements.[24] Despite its ruinous state, the temple's design closely mirrors Hatshepsut's nearby temple while innovating with its elevated basilica-style hall.[21] Over time the site became a focus for the worship of Hathor during the Third Intermediate Period, as indicated by later votive offerings.[22] Today the reconstructed reliefs and artifacts from Djeser-Akhet contribute significantly to the understanding of royal cult practices and 18th Dynasty temple architecture.[21]

There are ongoing conservation efforts including a reconstruction of the temple's layout which have been made difficult by the severity of the destruction in some areas of the temple. Some progress, however, has been made on the reconstruction of the layout of the upper terrace.

Royal and non-royal tombs

Jar bearing the cartouche of Hatshepsut. Filled in with cedar resin. Calcite, unfinished. Foundation deposit. 18th Dynasty. From Deir el-Bahari, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.

A tomb (TT320) in a hidden recess in the cliffs to the south of the temples contained a cache of forty royal mummies, moved there from the Valley of the Kings. The bodies had been placed there by Twenty-first Dynasty priests, most likely to prevent further desecration and looting. The tomb was probably originally built for priests of the 21st Dynasty, most likely the family of Pinedjem II. In the cache were found the mummies of Ahmose I, along with the Eighteenth and Nineteenth dynasty leaders Amenhotep I, Thutmose I, Thutmose II, Thutmose III, Ramesses I, Seti I, Ramesses II, and Ramesses IX. In a separate room were found Twenty-first dynasty High Priests and pharaohs Pinedjem I, Pinedjem II, and Siamun. The discovery of the mummies cache is depicted in the Egyptian movie The Night of Counting the Years (1969).

In 1891, a larger cache of 153 reburied mummies of the priests themselves also were found in a tomb at the site, known today as Bab el-Gasus 'Gate of the Priests' (also referred to as the "Priestly Cache" or "Second Cache").

Private tombs dating from the Middle Kingdom through the Ptolemaic period are also situated here. There are two most notable private tombs at Deir el-Bahari. The first is that of Meketre (TT280), which contained many painted wooden funerary models from the Middle Kingdom and the first recorded human-headed canopic jar.

The second, the "secret" tomb of Senenmut – the architect and steward who oversaw the construction of the temple for Hatshepsut – was begun in the complex also. Senenmut's tomb was vandalized in antiquity, but some of the relief artwork is still intact. It was meant to be a very large tomb and its corridors are over 100 yards (91 m) long. However, it was never finished and Senenmut was not interred there. He has another tomb, not far from Deir el-Bahari, where his body may have been placed, but it, too, was vandalized and robbed.

A large area of non-royal tombs in this vicinity is called Sheikh Abd el-Qurna.

Stone chest

In March 2020 archeologists from Warsaw University's Institute of Archaeology, led by Andrzej Niwiński, discovered a treasure chest and a wooden box dating back 3,500 years in the Egyptian site of Deir el-Bahari.[citation needed]

The stone chest contained several items, with all of them covered with linen canvas. Three bundles of flax were found during the excavation. A goose skeleton, sacrificed for religious purposes, was found inside one of them. The second one included goose eggs. It is believed that what the third bundle contained was an ibis egg, which had a symbolic meaning for the ancient Egyptians. In addition, a little wooden trinket box was discovered inside the bundle; the box is believed to contain the name Pharaoh Thutmose II.[25]

According to the Andrzej Niwiński, "The chest itself is about 40 cm long, with a slight smaller height. It was perfectly camouflaged, looked like an ordinary stone block. Only after a closer look did it turn out to be a chest."[25]

Terrorism

See also: Terrorism and tourism in Egypt

In 1997, 58 tourists and four Egyptians were massacred at Hatshepsut's mortuary temple by Islamist terrorists from Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya in what has been called the Luxor massacre, causing a reduction of tourism in the area.[26][27]

Art

Kaska, Dance of War is a painting by Shefa Salem that depicts Libyan soldiers performing a kaska dance of the Timihu people, which was first recorded 5000 years ago at Deir El-Bahari.[28][29]

  • The three temples at Deir el Bahari from the top of the cliff behind them, part of Hatshepsut's temple on left, Tuthmosis III's temple in center, and Mentuhotep II's temple on right
    The three temples at Deir el Bahari from the top of the cliff behind them, part of Hatshepsut's temple on left, Tuthmosis III's temple in center, and Mentuhotep II's temple on right
  • Hatshepsut's temple
    Hatshepsut's temple
  • The unfinished colonnade on the second level of Hatshepsut's Temple[30]
    The unfinished colonnade on the second level of Hatshepsut's Temple[30]
  • Egyptian soldiers from Hatshepsut's Year 9 expedition to the Land of Punt, as depicted on her temple at Deir el-Bahri
    Egyptian soldiers from Hatshepsut's Year 9 expedition to the Land of Punt, as depicted on her temple at Deir el-Bahri
  • Deir-El-Bahari
    Deir-El-Bahari
  • Hieroglyphic decorations
    Hieroglyphic decorations
  • TT 353 of Sen-en-Mut (Senenmut tomb) – a hypogeum built by the order of Sen-en-Mut, 97.36m long and 41.93m deep
    TT 353 of Sen-en-Mut (Senenmut tomb) – a hypogeum built by the order of Sen-en-Mut, 97.36m long and 41.93m deep
  • Deir-El-Bahari
    Deir-El-Bahari
  • THÈBES – Temple Dêr el bahri
    THÈBES – Temple Dêr el bahri
  • General view of Deir el-Bahari from the Temple of Hatshepsut towards the Nile valley
    General view of Deir el-Bahari from the Temple of Hatshepsut towards the Nile valley

See also

Sources

  • Mertz, Barbara (1964). "Temples, Tombs and Hieroglyphs". New York: Coward-McCann. ISBN 0-87226-223-5
  • Monderson, Frederick (2007). Hatshepsut's Temple at Deir el Bahari. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1425966447.
  • Mariette-Bey, Auguste (1877). Deir-el-Bahari. Documents topographiques, historiques et ethnographiques recueillis dans ce temple (in French). Leipzig: J C Hinrichs.

References

  1. ^ "Monastery of St. Phoibammon". An Archaeological Atlas of Coptic Literature.[permanent dead link‍]
  2. ^ a b Naville, Edouard (1907). The XIth dynasty temple at Deir el-Bahari. Smithsonian Libraries and Archives. London, Boston, Mass. : Sold at the offices of the Egypt Exploration Fund [etc.]
  3. ^ a b Arnold, Dieter (1979). The Temple of Mentuhotep at Deir el Bahari. New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art, Egyptian Expedition.
  4. ^ Pcma, Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean (1 January 1994). "Lipińska, J. DEIR EL-BAHARI, TUTHMOSIS III TEMPLE". POLISH ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN V.
  5. ^ Roehrig, Catharine (2005). Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  6. ^ Dolińska, Monika (February 2016). "Deir el-Bahari. Temple of Tuthmosis III, campaigns 2012–2013". Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean. 1: 257–264 – via ResearchGate.
  7. ^ Maspero, Gaston (1889). Les Momies Royales de Deir el-Bahari.
  8. ^ Smith, Stuart Tyson (2001). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt (1 ed.). Oxford UP.
  9. ^ Naville, Edouard (1907). The XIth dynasty temple at Deir el-Bahari. Smithsonian Libraries and Archives. London, Boston, Mass. : Sold at the offices of the Egypt Exploration Fund [etc.]
  10. ^ Winlock, H. E. (1924). "The Tombs of the Kings of the Seventeenth Dynasty at Thebes". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 10 (3/4): 217–277. doi:10.2307/3853927. ISSN 0307-5133.
  11. ^ a b Pcma, Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean (1 January 1994). "Lipińska, J. DEIR EL-BAHARI, TUTHMOSIS III TEMPLE". POLISH ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN V.
  12. ^ Dolińska, Monika (February 2016). "Deir el-Bahari. Temple of Tuthmosis III, campaigns 2012–2013". Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean. 1: 257–264 – via ResearchGate.
  13. ^ Arnold, Dieter (1979). The Temple of Mentuhotep at Deir el Bahari. New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art, Egyptian Expedition.
  14. ^ Roehrig, Catharine (2005). Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  15. ^ Lonely Planet; Jessica Lee; Anthony Sattin (2018). Lonely Planet Egypt. Lonely Planet. pp. 370–. ISBN 978-1-78701-904-1.
  16. ^ a b Trachtenberg, Marvin; Isabelle Hyman (2003). Architecture, from Prehistory to Postmodernity. Italy: Prentice-Hall Inc. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-8109-0607-5.
  17. ^ a b c Pcma, Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean (1 January 1994). "Lipińska, J. DEIR EL-BAHARI, TUTHMOSIS III TEMPLE". POLISH ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN V.
  18. ^ Dolińska, Monika (February 2016). "Deir el-Bahari. Temple of Tuthmosis III, campaigns 2012–2013". Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean. 1: 257–264 – via ResearchGate.
  19. ^ Naville, Edouard (1907). The XIth dynasty temple at Deir el-Bahari. Smithsonian Libraries and Archives. London, Boston, Mass. : Sold at the offices of the Egypt Exploration Fund [etc.]
  20. ^ Beaux, Nathalie (2018). "A New Double Foundation Deposit in the Hathor Shrine of Tuthmosis III at Deir el-Bahari". Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean. 27 (2): 51–69 – via ResearchGate.
  21. ^ a b c Pcma, Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean (1 January 1994). "Lipińska, J. DEIR EL-BAHARI, TUTHMOSIS III TEMPLE". POLISH ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN V.
  22. ^ a b Dolińska, Monika (February 2016). "Deir el-Bahari. Temple of Tuthmosis III, campaigns 2012–2013". Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean. 1: 257–264 – via ResearchGate.
  23. ^ Beaux, Nathalie (2018). "A New Double Foundation Deposit in the Hathor Shrine of Tuthmosis III at Deir el-Bahari". Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean. 27 (2): 51–69 – via ResearchGate.
  24. ^ Aksamit, Jozef (2001). "The Temple of Tuthmosis III at Deir el-Bahari". Egyptian Archaeology. 18: 21–24.
  25. ^ a b "Stone chest found in ancient temple and containing skeleton of a sacrificial goose could lead to hidden royal tomb". www.thefirstnews.com. Archived from the original on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  26. ^ Sönmez, S. F.; Apostolopoulos, Y.; Tarlow, P. (1999). "Tourism in crisis: Managing the effects of terrorism". Journal of Travel Research. 38 (1): 13–18. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.465.286. doi:10.1177/004728759903800104. S2CID 154984322.
  27. ^ Tarlow, P. E. (2006). "Tourism and Terrorism". In Wilks J, Pendergast D & Leggat P. (Eds) Tourism in turbulent times: Towards safe experiences for visitors (Advances in Tourism Research), Elsevier, Oxford, pp. 80–82.
  28. ^ El-Assasy, Ahmad (24 November 2021). "Artist Reimagines Libyan History in Paintings". LibyaReview. Retrieved 16 February 2025.
  29. ^ "'All my work is Libya': Five emerging Libyan artists to watch". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 16 February 2025.
  30. ^ "Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut". Madain Project. Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.

Publications

Publications for the excavations conducted by the Egypt Exploration Fund in the 19th and 20th centuries.

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